Is possible to innovate the accounting standards?

Is possible to improve the accounting standards?

             Free thinking opens wide spaciousness for creating, developing, sharing, distributing & exporting owns new ideas & innovations, which related to extend information capacity & rise efficiency of analytical accountancy. Accounting standard sometimes leads to confusion of that it’s perfect in every way, & which impossible to suggest self-opinion rather feasible, simple & understandable methods of accounting cognition in parallel with enforcing accounting regulations, actually working by rote as established financial & accounting standards bridles after careful self-consideration, renewal, reinvent oneself new ideas etc. One’s property of accountancy as its everyday occurrence repeats & also monotonous condition of accounting accommodates accountants to way of work to while his/her time away. Accountants should make self-analysis & self-perfecting in order to keep abreast of social-economical boom & predict upcoming threat, contingency recession, & avoid any force major & silly convert misleads & difficulties into doing  management superiority. We really have full confidence, we are the first researchers who put perfect new ideas & renewals into contents of over all subjects of cost & managerial accounting independently, especially topics of variance analysis on manufacturing overhead, which calls real account of researchers as pending  theme of accountancy & analyzing.  Learners often outspoken of that, occur troubles to understand, well-consider, memorize also use in practice simplify if refer as to study variance analysis of mixed expenses (factory costs & operational expenses), which has been illustrated in many well-known fundamental textbooks issued by oversea famous universities. Taking into account this situation I have decided to implement elaborated analysis on allocation, isolation, budgeting, behavior forecasting, controlling, empiric analyzing of mixed expenses (manufacturing overhead, operating expenses-general administrative & marketing). The methods[1] created along with my family members have following obvious differences & appreciable advantages over others used at present time in training, meantime the first we have put into practical application of linear algebra transformation & elementary differential calculus in cost & managerial accounting modeling uniquely & extraordinarily:

·         We used to describe financial process, cost behavior, accounting indicators mainly  be means of simple straight linear equation: y = a +bx or y = a+bx₁+cx₂+…+nx_m, but however their dynamic evolution mathematically expresses as of multiple curvilinear dependence y = a+bx+cx²+…+nx^m, logarithmic function & exponential equation y =A_ox₁^ax₂^b…x_n^m. Besides dependence some financial indicators denotes via inverse proportion to each others, namely in accordance with increase of selling revenue drops expenses on marketing y = a+b/x, also herein possible to refer to learning curve, which illustrates that if labor cost downs by 20% in proportion with that twice increases production output as followings y = 2x^a.

·         Possible to calculate & explain each component (fixed cost & variable cost separately in parts & combined y_a=a; y_x=bx; y_a/x=a/x; y_bx/x=b) of cost classification affected to cost variances simply, understandable, & mathematically in 4-5 independent variants using applied mathematical approaches (differential calculus, linear algebra, stepwise elimination of each dimension, plane analytical geometry etc), which has extended & enriched scope & component of traditional analytical methods on mixed costs fundamentally.

·         Application of 4-5 mutually independent versions using applied mathematical approaches (differential calculus, stepwise elimination of each dimension, statistical index, graphic description etc) in order to determining affects as two variance (controllable variance & volume variance), than on basis of that further calculation of four variance (spending variance, idle capacity variance, variable efficiency variance & fixed efficiency variance). Obtaining the same accurate result by using some various mathematical methods in parallel had been targeted to illustrate wide range of tremendous opportunities to perfect, innovate, integrate & widen contents of accountancy. The first we have created & demonstrated affordability to further develop & extend here cited analyzing methods in other topics of cost & management accounting subjects, for example on standard costs variance analysis of factory overhead, direct labor & direct materials, & also on market expenses  variance analysis etc, which with we have discovered smart, simple & unique resources to rationally solve many pending solutions. Also we offered very interesting & unique method of variance analysis on factory overhead with comparing levels of budgeting, standard & actual in one calculating table simultaneously.

·         In addition to traditional methods also we put into university education & practice extraordinary & rather interesting methodology of linear algebra approaches & Gauss method on allocation of factory costs between operational departments & service departments, & also dividing market expenses between operational objects. By the way above mentioned thesis included into contents of 2 volume textbooks in associations with details application examples, which popularly used by tutors & graduates at computer & mathematical faculties of state controlled universities & received good notices from a wide readership. Indeed we had guided by one’s personal intuition, fantastic dream & ever prospect for new ideas different from others & created many innovations on financial analyzing & accountancy.

     Meanwhile we created more detailed methodology to calculate each showing of preparing income statement by as direct as well as indirect methods via tens of number simple financial equations, which has rendered favorable opportunities to issue commuter application program for this statement, & above mentioned methodology[2] has been published in the brochure titled “Financial statement analysis”, 2007. Unfortunately this book has led all accountant, including CPA (Certified public accountants) to soon-fed & copying mental state, distance from constructiveness consideration & thus who couldn’t cope with prepare income statement by hand method independently. Complying with an accounting standards & advocating conservatism in accountancy raise barriers on continuous development, integrated & diversified innovation of financial statement analysis methodology & contents of accountancy.  Increase a number of institutions, which engages grants any licenses like a awards to accountants & financiers, thus earns money & conducts specialized accounting trainings of low quality negatively affects on their professional promotion by skills, insights & reputation etc. The contents of cost & managerial accounting frequently compose of retrospective analysis based empiric distribution series, planning, budgeting & controlling, which renders favorable possibilities to lean on achievements of other science branches. Herein taking opportunities we’ll refer to meteorological forecasting in which observations prepare next year’s weather forecast basing on long-range data, however some elements of this methodology could be used in cost & management behavior analysis & predicting contingency financial recession. Besides to enrich & extend contents of accounting modeling & financial engineering should be approached to physics understandings, for instance sea waves (tsunami wave disperse), trigonometric sinuous shape of which similar to financial recession cycle & it would be feasible on accounting modeling. We consider that accounting standards aren’t perfect in every way, which would be changed out of all recognition in accordance with social-economics evolution, & their looking forward development. You know, standards are principles of conduct informed by notions of honor & decency, which isn’t like as law of nature.

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[1] All rights reserved

[2] All rights reserved

Thoughts of financial analysis

Thoughts of financial analysis

        Some people consider that financial statements needn’t if their contents weren’t matched to needs & desired purposes of financial statement analysis, namely forecasting, rational investing, monitoring & avoiding financial troubles etc. Besides researchers express their opinion about that contents of financial statements & their indicators mainly render opportunities to do ratio analysis, but which isn’t predict upcoming recession & insolvency, & also couldn’t guide outlook. It is good that cost & managerial accounting leaned on free thinking & hasn’t strangled by abstract declarations of international financial reporting standards (IFRS), which allows favorable opening for looking forward innovation, improving & developing by integrating with other branches of science learning or its diversifying. The cognition is having no limit, everything varies, changes, renews, rises, converts & promotes into advanced level of developments. For example impossible to diagnose return on investment & its forecasting by using only Du-Pont model, which could lead to isolated temporary conclusion of the rate of return on equity. Indeed solvency & contingency bankruptcy subject to many functional & also random dimensions owing to  generate necessity of approaches to multiple discriminant score analysis for considering company’s financial statement analysis in all its bearings. Besides rises question to suit others’ intellectual experiences into specific social-economical conditions of given countries, which have differences in human development index, GNI per capita & external debt indicators etc. Indicators & their calculation sum express in the balance sheet with historic cost value, therefore appears considerable requirement to convert cost value into market evaluation as for corresponding indicators in order to diagnose solvency for corporation by means of Altman’s Z index. Hence contents of financial statements are introducing administratively from above regardless of particular countries’ specific condition sometimes obfuscates financial troubles with extraneous information & misleads accountant-analysts into confusion. Obviously business entities of European countries, which has faced debt crisis, maybe they have complied with both of IFRS & audit standard, & also followed internally one’s domestic tax laws. In other hand CPAs couldn’t cope with their professional one’s own duties, review shows as in Mongolia above cited difficulty mainly connects with poor level of stepwise training courses aimed to grant a license for CPA. Title & of license for CPA render many socially security privilege for accountants to find profitable & promotable job for them at state owned entities, which raises unnatural demand for licenses of CPA. We think of that domestic specific of ongoing human development policy of each country more or less reflects on national tax policy, therefore happen temporary differences between financial statement income & taxable income. In connection with above mentioned decision makers realize progressive income tax & subject to personal income tax on savings aimed to declining differences between social groups on income distribution & support households with medium livelihood & earned income. Would be expedient, if could be inform relative data of calculating Jinni index for public issue as for Mongolia. News paper media informs that Jinni index equal to 0.36, but other sources advocate own data basis which is different on this rate of index. Actually that is unconvincing argument because of by 40% of population live at poverty & inequality distribution of social wealth has become quite plain. But it can’t demonstrate geographic, infrastructural, traditional specifics while conduct social-economical diagnosis suited to dwellers with different livelihood. Current period Mongolia classifies as lower middle income country with a GNI per capita of US $1,890 & ranked 110 out of 187 countries in terms of Human Development with a HDI of 0.647 in 2010. Also official source shows more than 30% of the population lives on less than US $1.25 a day. Hence recommendable to compute Theil’s T index inequality, which respects to territorial area & provincial towns with different livelihood & income sources. Continuous increase of inequality distribution on social wealth directly has connected with that Mongolian tax laws have protected one’s own interests of oligarchic groupings contrary to poverty reduction goals so far. Not only the rich but also the poor stand in a queue to get monthly 21,000MNT or by US $16 from Human Development Fund without distinction, & also personal income tax imposes on a par with 10% to their wage. Our tax authorities used to prefer copying foreign tax regulations without their proper harmonize to specific conditions of Mongolia & manage official activities in accordance with instructions of oversea tax consultants from highly developed countries. They consider copying information from internet links & conveying adviser’s recommendations as their suggested & introduced new ideas & innovations on tax. But however Mongolia has only 21 year’s experience of market-oriented economy, & impossible to past any oversea financial instruments to which automatically. Financial statements can’t allow conducting comprehensive analysis which always requires tremendous additional data from outside courses. Majority of international financial, banking, accounting & auditing projects & programs are introducing so far, which wasn’t achieved promised results as: poverty reduction, declining differences between social groups on income distribution, increase of work places, fighting against corruption, providing rational infrastructure over the country, but however debt burden rises year on year, as they have suggested mainly by means foreign partners’ pressure & respected their economical interests. Mongolian companies would fail at any time on account of they don’t conduct themselves financial statement analysis. There weren’t CPA who able to self-conduct chartered financial analysis & make proper diagnosis on solvency & bankruptcy for corresponding company. Accountants prepare both different copies of financial statements in order to evade taxes. I’m as ordinary accountant-researcher think of that should be generated chartered financial analysts (CFA) from composition of the CPAs. Mongolia has more than 3 thousand CPAs prepared via specialized Institutes of CPA, unfortunately who has poor prestige & his/ her professional license just likes as award at all. One-sided attitude of these institutions to raise income of training courses & increase the number of possessors of CPA’ license at any possible way reflects on knowledge & skills for CPAs properly. No changeable & congealed properties of financial statements sometimes form unmotivated temperament to CPAs. Obviously financial statements are flexible & manageable instrument, which should be innovated & renewed in accordance with social-economical reform & its continuous development. Therefore possible to adopt & enforce temporary methodology of financial analysis & also form & indicators of financial statements appropriated to enterprises, which engages business activities in case of incoming contingency crisis. Also should be include into contents of financial statements feasible physical indicators in addition to established money terms, which would be caused no difficulties to compute some useful indicators for conducting cost & management accounting relied on applied mathematics, trend analysis with statistical properties & econometrics reviews etc. By the way possible to rectify some troubles by means of taking corrective measures on restrictive information capacity of financial statements & extending the assortment & number of financial statements’ indicators. Preferable develop accounting renewal rather faster than its subject matter.

How to raise reputation of accounting profession?

How to raise reputation of accounting profession?

      We know accountant is as a person having special knowledge of financial inspection & of bookkeeping in business, commerce & other social-economical or governmental sectors, one of ancient profession has got highest prestige among other economical professions, but however which is losing its previous reputation. Accountant, who owns profession of accountants, has been proud in his profession, he was promoting in his position, & it became legal & credible guarantee for his well-being. By the way contents of journal-order system & corresponding financial statements, which had been conducted in the socialistic management was more appropriated to carrying out financial analysis without referring to another analytical data basis. In that time both of general ledger & financial statements had provided favorable opportunities for carrying out detailed analysis of human resource management, comprehensive calculations of product costs per unit, separating & clustering expenses into fixed & variable parts, supply & sufficiency of current assets complexly etc. Also codification of accounts ranged from 1 up to 99 detailed with sub-accounts had been gave tremendous possibilities to classify, group, allocate, cluster, accumulate, accumulate, summarize all data basis in any collaborated versions by means of leaning on applied mathematical approaches & statistical-mathematical tools. Proper conducting quarterly financial statement analysis was obligatory commitment both of director & chief accountant for state owned every entity in that time. But I would like to emphasize a lot of new understandings & progress resulted by market-oriented economy as: stock, shareholders capital, securities, bond, money time value, leasing, bankruptcy & solvency etc extended & enriched our economical scope of knowledge. Indeed hadn’t made tangible steps in innovation & improving of the methodology & rising of academic level on accountancy for last 40-50 years. Comparable review shows that majority contents & writing style of university textbooks on accountancy have long-winded explanation, bored learners, lack of new ideas & nor differences as for pith of the nature from other. Random sample expresses that people more respect tax inspectors than ordinary accountants & SPA owing to last one possesses less reputation as on skills & on academic knowledge among staffs, who has similar profession & engages the same job. For instance employers haven’t got assumption about necessity of accounting documentation, bookkeeping, financial statement analysis, & their economical profitability, therefore who welcomes tax inspectors & social insurance inspectors respectfully & obeys their advices. In some cases CPA training becomes as distribution of certificates in order to collect money for financing office building for corresponding institutions. Daily monotonous frequency in accounting procedure makes accountant’s job nonproductive & dreary, also computerized accountancy converts accountant into robot, whose activities similar to computer operator without free innovative thinking. Indeed accountants follow accounting guide, they couldn’t get free from standardized obsolescence & limited thinking, & they don’t motivate to initiate new ideas. Explain, why aren’t give  expected results & can’t realize numerous government & foreign supported projects & programs in the field of social–economics, including poverty reduction, smokeless felt ger districts, improving finance & accountancy, maybe these questions mainly were decided beyond a curtain through influential, wealthy or friends connections without participation of targeted groups, oppositions & representatives from civil society organizations. A lot of organs & institutions manage financial & accounting activities as: Ministry of finance, institute of certified public accountants, institute of managerial accountants, & also many specialized academies, which mainly engages translating an overseas manuals, international accounting & auditing standards, granting & distributing CPA certificates, organizing profitable workshops for them, traveling to overseas training, & at the end of each year bosses elevate each others to a honor rank, & doctor’s or professor’s academic degrees.  We don’t see practicable textbook, affordable methodology, rendered professional assistance, public discussion, which introduced in line of above cited organizations for last decade. Let’s explain, what is mean innovation in accountancy, it’s a new creative or improved method, idea in thinking of financial inspection & bookkeeping, which gives the initiator who first introduces it an advantage over his competitors that may amount to a temporary monopoly. I think as independent researcher, abstracts of accountancy should be innovated, improved & renewed with new ideas in accordance dynamic social-economical development on the same level & time. At present many accountants, who familiar with old accounting system conducts & organizes accountancy in combination with market-oriented preparing of financial statements. Accounting standards with wooden change led accountants to spoon–fed thinking, who doesn’t create elementary accounting questions himself/herself due to they used to rely on handouts directives from above. Accountancy without internal motivation & nor stimulation reflects on development & improving of accounting methods in future badly. Some observations illustrate that doctors mainly had been defended science-degree on thesis of accounting history or introducing oversea financial & accounting practices into mother country’s business etc. Our researching group prefers lecturing which really based on ourselves research results & textbooks written by us, actually we don’t like copying others' papers without additional developments & creating. Hence we have published about 10 textbooks & researching brochures with which 200 printer’s sheets, including rather than 40 modern new ideas related to financial accounting, cost & managerial accounting, financial statement analyzing based on linear algebra, differential transformation, derivative, logarithmic conversion, plane analytical geometry, stepwise elimination of variables, multiple correlation equations, discriminate analysis & theory probability (Bayes׳ theorem) etc. The social–economical events mainly appear via statistical dependence associated with random, which requires an application of mathematical tools in wide ranges. For instance, recommendable to possess understanding of multiple discriminant score analysis, if researchers want to identify solvency & bankruptcy risk of corporations by using Edward I Altman’s Zeta score or methodology of multiple regression analysis. Herein practicable to calculate similar parameters of Zeta score appropriated to specific development conditions of economics sectors in Mongolia. We consider that one of perspective directions in innovations is accounting outsourcing. We are as initiator & forerunner willing to share our researching achievements with others through providing knowledge outsourcing service in addition to that we have composed of intelligent, skilled & motivated team, which differs from others with created & developed ourselves unique & interesting methods on financial analyzing & accounting modeling. Undoubtedly, our researching group has blazed new trails for future innovation of financial analyzing & accounting modeling based on integrated knowledge. We as pioneers on new development direction of modern accountancy really want to renew & restore established understanding of traditional financial analyzing, labor-consuming &  unproductive accountancy. Should take a leaf out of renowned & well-known Google communication’s book, indeed its extraordinary searching system is great & unique benchmark in dynamic intellectual innovation. But however commenced initiative in the field of accounting outsourcing from below can’t proper support from higher organs of power so far. Meanwhile we observed that leavers of high school, who has collected low scores at entrance exams in basic subjects: mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, native language, foreign languages & optional skills etc make one’s choice of a calling from following vocation: as humanitarian, linguistic, accountancy, finance, & law in order to enroll at the private owned higher education establishments. In fact this badly condition has connected with poor prestige of financial & accounting leadership organizations over the country. Enrolling to the state owned universities or their local branches are the paradise’s dream for all leavers of high school, indeed they are very difficult mountain pass as for parents, who live at poor or low life standard. As parents as well as school leavers think of pull wires to assist getting an invitation to study at accredited state universities in accordance with their desired vocation. Finally, out of college practical training for graduates worries everybody as lack of experience & long period on probation for trainees to get skills themselves cause dissatisfaction among the employers’ organizations. Hence rational combination of pragmatic training with knowledge-based education is becoming one of key pending issue in the dynamic renewing of accountancy.  

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How to innovate contents of financial statements?

How to innovate contents of financial statements?

           We are as independent researchers have suggested some new ideas created & developed by us, which targeted changing established forms & indicators in financial statements, namely income statement & statements of cash flows & of retained earnings; actually they are one of key subjects on the accounting innovation. Dominating of the rote in accounting methodology still was bridling an innovation’s thinking & new ideas created & motivated from below. Today’s methodology & schedules of financial statements mainly introduced directive from above weren’t rendering proper opportunities in financial analyzing, forecasting, controlling & their forward looking innovations except ratio analyzing methods. Obviously the international standard of financial statements aren’t unshakeable perfection adopted from laboratory experiment, it’s only the declaration introduced by higher organs of power & which would be considered in chronicle order of social-economical evolution in future. The largeness & wait-and-see accountancy policy bring to coming last in development of economics science, & staying behind after movement & development of their research objects. Obsolescence thinking in accountancy reflects on stagnant state of textbook’s innovation at higher education establishment for economics. Actually decision makers on accountancy don’t have perfect understanding of innovation in the field of financial analyzing & accounting modeling, maybe they think of that new ideas exist & relate only to materials production sector. You see that analysts at every turn face various uncertainty, symptoms of coming insolvency, pending solutions, efforts of  multiple variable factors & statistical dimensions, which requires working out new methodologies on financial analysis & accounting modeling based on applied mathematics & theory of probabilities. Indeed accountancy has developed less than other field of economics science, which initially had been based on mathematics approaches, herein should recall that Luca Pacioli has established basic of modern accounting practice but however it exhausts all one’s internal potential to perfect oneself on future independently, as any science branch in its development process seeps through another or diversifies into separate parts. Meanwhile the science of statistics has developed & became one of key branches on mathematics, also diversified into several independent science fields as mathematical statistics, theory of probabilities, econometrics, business, social & life sciences statistics etc. The contents of financial statements & their indicators aren’t appropriating to proper needs of proceeding modern cost & managerial accounting & in order to realize corresponding analysis happen to collect mainly statistical or another various analytical information. By the way both statements as of cash flows & of retained earnings have fewer necessities to carry out financial analysis with contents & schedules needed today. Customers prefer to prepare tax statements on given time & properly rather than preparing financial statements due to last one isn’t practicable & less understandable etc. Used computer application programs for financial bookkeeping & preparing financial statements widely, but however cost & managerial accounting implements only by hand method due to programmers have poor knowledge both in economics & mathematical modeling. As we know ratio analysis based on financial statement’s indicators provides that one-sided results owing to some financial indicators increase, while others drop, in these case analysts face difficulties, connected with multiple changes of resulting indicators. In connection with above mentioned situations generates the necessary of applications on multiple regression score equations as Altman’s Zeta index, discriminate score analysis based multiple correlation relationship between variables denoted as y = f (ax₁+bx₂+cx₃+…+ zx_n) & theory of probabilities etc. Here should emphasize that preferring in usage of computer calculation programs SPSS & e-views without investigating thoroughly into essence of finance & accountancy would be led to copying thinking & spoon-fed education for learners. The accounting practice requires nonstandard thinking on innovations & developments of accountancy & it requires that necessary of educating learners in both of hand & computer calculation methods in parallel, herein we as researchers advocate an empirical teaching based on junction of integrated knowledge, first of all as on applied mathematics, mathematical statistics & econometrics approaches etc. Difficulties face while allocate manufacturing overhead expenses or operation expenses (marketing & general administrative) between many cost centers which classifies into fixed & variable expenses. Indeed not seems rationally innovation & development on creating & usage of indirect cost allocation methods in International accounting standard & other ruling materials. Instead of traditional technological stepwise process costing method, preferable application of ABC “Activity based cost” gives rather favorable opportunity for detailed distribution of management & marketing costs, but however ABC method has deficiency due to which leans on statistical mean & random sample, weighted percentage & classifications expenses into separate components by intuition. Taking into accounting these troubles we have thoughtfully studied the used in practice methods of indirect cost allocation & defining its variance influences (under applied & over applied overhead cost) which found remarkable application in economics university training of my mother country. I really believe in that the new ideas developed in some aspects of cost & management accounting with me & my family members will be able to find interesting in overseas countries with pleasure. Our researching area covers very wide range of topics on business statistics, financing, banking, accounting, analyzing fields in their combined form associated with economical engineering as well as separately for each one. In addition to that we have placed some of them at Google.com communication links under searching titles tyondon-researcher, & also tyondon_@yahoo.com, of course many extremely interesting & unique researching results were remained in author’s disposal expecting relative decisions of publishing. Obviously operation income describes by using both absorption & variable costing. Herein variable costing method applies for internal management for company. In compliance with general accounting rule income statement for company prepares on basic of absorption operation costing. Operating income of variable costing differs from absorption costing with fixed efficiency variance on manufacturing overhead by denoting y_{x =} a_o:x_o(x_o-x₁). For both methods controllable variance of manufacturing overhead expenses apply to quarterly cost of product sold. But takes place of troubles connected with variance analysis of operation expenses which causes difficulties at university training & accounting practice, particularly in internal forecasting, budgeting, analyzing, modeling, engineering & controlling at entity’s level. The financial statements & their contents, indexes couldn’t play the role of effective tool in making analytical & rational decision based on retrospective & empirical accounting data basis in scope of company. Taking this situation into consideration we have put into practice in first ” Application of mathematical methods in calculation of variances on income statements prepared by using both variable & absorption costing”[1] which published in textbook “ Financial statement analysis & modeling in forecasting” written by co-authors, Prof. T. Yondon along with his family members in 2009. By the way this new methodology based on new idea of analyzing effects of variances on factory overhead expenses, its full contents had been appeared in researching papers completed with us & published in 2004, than we have extended researching scope by allocation methods of both kind of indirect expenses as: manufacturing & operation (marketing & general administrative) expenses via using extraordinary unique & so interesting mathematical transformations in 3-5 alternative versions[2]. Actually we have created & developed more than 40 new ideas only by means of our long time self-work from without assistance in accountancy firstly. First of all we have considered income statement prepared with three respective conditions using concepts of linear algebra & differential transformation: (1). Income statement prepared under absorption costing only differ with fixed efficiency variance on manufacturing overhead expenses. (2). Income statement prepared under absorption costing only differ with fixed efficiency variance on controllable manufacturing overhead expenses & operation expenses, direct material  &  direct labor. (3). Quarterly income statement prepared under absorption costing & variable costing in beginning & ending inventory etc. Our researching group has full confidence in feasibility & practicalities  of created & developed with us new ideas & innovations in the field of financial analyzing & accounting modeling, which is integrating & diversifying by means of globalization accountancy & its outsourcing  knowledge.

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[1] All rights reserved for so-authors

[2] All rights reserved for so-authors